(English version below)
Minoritatea evreiască din România (I)
CUPRINS
I. Studii
The Jewish emigration to the State of Israel occupies a particularly important place in the history of the Romanian Jews during the communist era. Of course, this topic entails several research directions, including the recent history of Romania through position of the Communist Party of Romania about national minorities or international relations: Romania-Israel, Romania-the Soviet Union etc. Most of the times, Romanian authorities had an ambiguous attitude on this issue. Archive sources are very important, but personal experiences complement the larger picture, for a clearer view. The interview given by Professor Liviu Rotman, who emigrated from Romania in 1985, focuses on the situation of communist Romania at the time and illustrates essential aspects of the Aliyah process in that period.
Etichete: emigrare, evreitate, regimul comunist, antisemitism
Keywords: emigration, Jewishness, communist regime, anti-Semitism
Lya BENJAMIN, Ordinul B’nei Brith în România (I.O.B.B.). O scurtă istorie (pag. 25-32)
The B’nai Brith Order started as a continuation of the „Zion Brotherhood”, created in 1873, being a preparatory school for BB order, set up in 1889. Like its predecessor, the B’nai Brith Order was and is an organization with philanthropic and cultural-educational purposes. It directs his members to a high moral attitude towards a patriotic loyalty to Romania.
Etichete: B’nei Brith, filantropie, patriotism, salvare, loje
Keywords: B’nai Brith, philanthropy, patriotism, ambulance, lodge
Emigration of the Jews from U.S.S.R. to Israel between 1987-1991 it happened in perestroika era. By then, just a few part of the Jews from Soviet Union have managed to emigrate. Unlike the situation of Jewish emigration in the Soviet Union, the Jews from Romania have emigrated constantly during the communist regime.
Under the given conditions, the Jewish transit to Israel was done through Romania, with Romanian authorities accord, despite the attitude of Arabian part towards this emigration.Etichete: emigrare, evrei, U.R.S.S., Israel, Agenţia Evreiască pentru Israel, România, TAROM
Keywords: emigration, Jews, U.S.S.R., Israel State, The Jewish Agency for Israel, Romania, TAROM (Romanian Air Transport)
The significant contribution of Romanian Jewish intellectuals in the field of Romanian linguistics and philology became obvious mainly since the second half of the nineteenth century. Preeminently through their scientific works they brought a decisive enrichment of the Romanian culture during the 19th and 20th centuries. The first generation of such Romanian Jewish scholars is represented by personalities such as Moses Gaster, Heimann Hariton Tiktin (H. Tiktin), I.A. Candrea, Lazar Şăineanu, A. Steinberg, while the second one gathered Alexandru Graur, Jacques Byck, I. Fischer, I. Rizescu, Solomon Marcus and Lucia Wald, F. Edelstein, F. Hasan, Toma Pavel, E. Tauberg, S. Weinberg. Some of them had an unfortunate destiny, despite indisputable spiritual merits, being pushed to marginalization, even expulsion and exile. After many decades Romanian society chose to try a sort of rehabilitation in the case of Moses Gaster by including him in 1929 in the Romanian Academy, but only as honorary member. Moreover, in the 1930s the discrimination against Jews became a sort of state policy culminating in 1940 with the introduction of Nazi-like anti-Semitic legislation. Alexandru Graur, an outstanding Romanian Jewish linguist, was one of the victims of such type of legislation. He firmly expressed his democratic and Socialist views and as a consequence he was severely beaten in 1936 by young anti-Semitic members of the Fascist Legionary Movement.
The article aims at presenting Alexandru Graur’s political and intellectual biography especially during postwar period, when he became member of the communist cultural intellectual bureaucracy (deputy head of Romanian Broadcasting Society, deputy director of Bucharest Institute of Linguistics and so on). This paper explores also both his purge from June 1952 and post-1954 political rehabilitation, focusing on the secret police surveillance.Etichete: Evrei, Comunism, Al. Graur; Institutul de Lingvistică, Academia R.P.R.
Keywords: Jews, Communism, Al. Graur, Institute of Linguistics, Academy of the People’s Republic of Romania
Between the 17th and 20th century Transylvania was part of the Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian Empires, but in 1918 the region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Romania. After the beginning of the Second World War, in 1940 the Northern part of Transylvania was ceded to Hungary. Hungary’s anti-Semitic legislation was imposed here, and many Jewish men were enrolled in forced labor detachments. The process of ghettoization and deportation of Jews began immediately after the German occupation of Hungary. Approximately 150,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz in May-June 1944. Less than 20% of the deportees returned. For Transylvania, 1944 meant the extermination of an ethnic community that was an active participant in the cultural and economic life of the region.
Etichete: Holocaust, Transilvania de Nord, ghetoizare, deportare, evrei, mărturii
Keywords: Holocaust, the Northern part of Transylvania, ghettoization, deportation, jewish, testimonies
Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat Bucureşti (T.E.S.) există din august 1948, deşi numărul vorbitorilor de idiş din România a scăzut în mod constant, astfel încât, la recensământul din 2011, doar 643 de persoane declarau idişul ca limbă maternă. La baza acestui articol stau notele informative scrise de diverse surse între 1970 şi 1979 şi adunate de Securitate în cuprinsul volumelor 10 şi 11 ale dosarului D 137. Informaţia aceasta îmi permite să prezint o vedere de ansamblu asupra activităţii instituţionale a teatrului, din punctul de vedere al Securităţii, astfel încât să reconstitui ceea ce criticul literar Valentina Glăjar a numit „biografie arhivată” şi să scot în evidenţă natura duplicitară a relaţiei statului român cu comunitatea evreiască.
Etichete: Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat/T.E.S., Barasheum, K.U.F., Comitetul Democrat Evreesc/C.D.E., emigrare/Aliyah, Israil Bercovici
Keywords: Jewish State Theater/T.E.S., Barasheum, Yidisher Kultur Farband/Y.KU.F., Jewish Democratic Committee/C.D.E., emigration/Aliyah, Israil Bercovici
„Povestirea de dosar” a maiorului de Securitate Samuel Feld dezvăluie o relatare fragmentară, deseori decorativă, alteori conflictuală, care reconstruiește activitatea sa de 11 ani în cadrul Securității, cele două investigații și demiterea sa din anul 1960. Bazat pe dosarele de cadre și de urmărire ale acestuia, prezentul articol expune atât aspecte ale funcționării acestei organizații la nivelul ofițerilor, dar și o parte de istorie româno-evreiască, însoţită de antisemitism, persecutare și speranțe false în perioada stalinistă. La baza cazului împotriva maiorului Feld s-au aflat note informative, caracterizări ale colegilor și subalternilor, denunțuri anonime și interogări la care se face aluzie, dar care lipsesc din dosar. Un expert în interogări și cu o memorie și inteligență deosebite, Feld a știut să anticipeze și să dejoace planurile investigatorilor săi pas cu pas, prin explicații elaborate, care nu corespundeau adevărului. Cu ingeniozitate și iscusință a reușit să influențeze desfășurarea carierei sale și să deraieze planurile investigatorilor săi pâna la momentul în care inevitabilul s-a produs și a fost exclus din M.A.I. şi din P.C.R., la 29 februarie 1960.
Etichete: „povestire de dosar”, Securitate, ofițer, autobiografie, investigație, denunțare, demitere, supraveghere, stalinism, sionism, Timişoara, oraşul Stalin
Keywords: „File story”, Securitate, officer, autobiography, investigation, denunciation, dismissal, surveillance, Stalinism, Zionism, Timişoara, town Stalin
The Arab-Israeli war in the summer of 1967 (June 5 to 10) is part of a series of conflicts that have opened up a new perspective in the history of international relations, both with regard to geopolitical and geostrategic changes in the Middle East area and direct interests in this area the United States of America and the Soviet Union, which sought to support one of the conflicting parties. The parties involved in the armed conflict known in history as the „Six-Day War” were on the one hand Israel and on the other side the alliance of the Arab states, consisting of Egypt, Jordan and Syria. It is highlighted, in this context, the position adopted by the governments of Paris and Bucharest. The Arab-Israeli episode may be part of the Ceausescu regime for peacekeeping and promotion policy in the field of foreign relations a „policy of balance”, which was based on all information from the Security Service. The document we will edit is found in a file of „non-operative correspondence” filed in 1968.
Etichete: „Războiul de şase zile”, S.U.A., Uniunea Sovietică, Egipt, Iordania, Siria, „politica de echilibru”, „corespondenţă non-operativă”
Keywords: „The six-day war”, U.S.A., Soviet Union, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, „policy of balance”, „non-operative correspondence”
Cezar Petre BUIUMACI, Malbim – o sinagogă în Calea Victoriei Socialismului (pag. 185-196)
The Jewish cultural heritage of Bucharest survives through time, overcoming hardships such as the opposing legislation, the pogrom, emigration or demolitions, maintaining its presence today by means of archive images and memoirs. The subject we will be discussing is the Malbim Synagogue, which, after an existence of over 120 years, succumbed to the advance of bulldozers 30 years ago. Situated in the Căii Văcărești area, Malbim was one of Jewish culture and tradition’s most important poles, with a rich library, being the place where classes were taught on Judaism, also hosting religious conferences. Between 1943 and 1944 it harboured ritual meals every Saturday, its cultural work being thusly accompanied by efforts for social assistance. It is also where ritual food items for Pesach, sent by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in the 70s, were stored. Malbim Synagogue also experienced less pleasant aspects throughout its long existence, becoming a torture centre during the Legionnaires’ rebellion of January 1941. During the Communist regime it was closely-monitored by the Intelligence Service, before being demolished in 1987 for the single reason that it stood in the path of the new road that was being built: Calea Victoriei Socialismului (The Way of Socialism’s Victory). After the 1977 earthquake, along with Malbim, several places of worship, both Jewish and Christian, as well as a series of historical monuments were also demolished as a result of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s will to build the Palace of the Republic and to change the area around it accordingly, in order to create a Champs Elysee-style boulevard, guarded by rows of apartment blocks meant to mask the residential areas behind them, depriving Bucharest of an important part of its Jewish cultural heritage.
Etichete: Sinagoga Malbim, moştenirea evreiască, Victoria Socialismului, Palatul Republicii, demolări, sistematizare
Keywords: Malbim Synagogue, Jewish heritage, Socialism’s Victory, Palace of the Republic, demolitions, systematisation
Ana Novac (the literary pseudonym chosen by Petru Dumitriu for Zimra Harsányi) is a writer of Jewish descent who remains an illustrative example for the transition from an atmosphere of „calm” to ideological control over literary works, which led to the decision to ban her play What Kind of Man Are You? She is the author of a diary from the concentration camp, that she started writing while she was being deported to Auschwitz. Written in Hungarian, Zimra Harsányi’s diary was published in France, in 1968, being translated by the author herself as J’avais 14 ans a Auscwitz and subsequently as Les beaux jours de ma jeunesse. Censorship and the exclusion of Ana Novac from the Writers’ Union in 1959 represented major changes in her destiny, without which the diary might not have been finished and published.
Etichete: jurnal de lagăr, teroare permanentă, teatru realist-socialist, excluderea din cadrele profesionale, cenzură, supravegherea Securităţii
Keywords: diary from the concentration camp, permanent terror, socialist realist theater, exclusion from the professional staff, censorship, surveillance undertaken by the Securitate
Nicolae IONIŢĂ, Politica de cadre în Securitate (1948–1989). Românizare? (I) (pag. 211-268)
To what extent was the increasingly nationalist discourse of the Romanian communist regime in Romania reflected in the staff policy of the repressive bodies? Could we characterize the adjustment of the ethnic composition of the Securitate personnel in the 1960s as an attempt to enforce nationalism? Was there a time period during which only Romanians were recruited and promoted within the Securitate and when exactly did it occur?
The present paper tries to provide answers to the above questions regarding the staff policy of the Romanian Securitate. Starting from a brief presentation of the manner of dealing with the „problem of nationalism” in the Soviet Union, the author emphasizes the influence of the Soviet theory and practice on the staff policy of the communist regime in Romania, stress being laid on the evolution undergone by the Securitate apparatus until 1989.
The first part of our work, dealing with the enforcement of nationalism within the Securitate apparatus, focuses on the changes that occurred in the ethnic composition of the Securitate staff during 1948-1960. Besides, the paper analyzes the reasons behind the removal of Jews from the Romanian repressive apparatus in the early 1960s.Etichete: naţionalism, cadre, compoziţie etnică, evrei
Keywords: nationalism, officers, ethnic composition, Jews
Communist Romania was, among the countries of the former communist camp, the country with one of the most important Jewish minorities. This could not be ignored in the capital of the new state created after the Second World War – Israel. For political, economic and defense reasons, the Israeli political authorities have made special efforts for a large proportion of the Jews in Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and the USSR to go to the holy ground. There were thus premises for pragmatic understandings between these countries and the State of Israel, which proposed and subsequently put into practice the redemption of important contingents from the Jewish minority.
Beyond Israel’s desire to boost immigration from Eastern Europe and Romania, in particular, there were to be found sufficient reasons but also communication solutions through which the Jews in these places could choose to emigrate. So, if we know for the state of Israel what contradicted when it insisted on emigration, the question is what motivated the Jews to leave the places of origin.
In the Romanian case, the Securitate documents provide us with sufficient information to answer the latter question. The present study only tints and delimits some of the causes that made the Jewish population living in the Romanian urban area demand to go to the holy ground in the late 1960s. It is worth mentioning that this period is the most strenuous in the history of Romanian Communism, from several points of view, of political stability, of economic development and of raising the living standards of the population.
Etichete: comunitatea evreiască, documentele Securității, stări de spirit, emigrare
Keywords: the Jewish community, Securitate documents, moods, emigration
The study aims to trace the story of one of the most important personalities of the Romanian sport during the post-war era, as well as her relations with the political regime and informative-operative structures.
The reconstruction of the totalitarian past is also made by approaching the socio-occupational relations of that period, and Angelica Rozeanu’s activity was a part of this matter. Remarkably results in sports, the political regime’s conception about this kind of sports personalities and the way they had to answer the demands of the new leadership are being analyzed in the present case study.
At the same time, the activity of the Securitate emerges from our analysis on the athlete and her family by highlighting the measures that were applied in the present case.Etichete: tenis de masă, campioană mondială, informator, confiscare, plecare în străinătate
Keywords: table tennis, world champion, informer, confiscation, leaving the country
II. Recenzii. Note de lectură
III. Abrevieri
IV. Lista autorilor
***
Jewish Minority in Romania (I)
SUMMARY
I. Research
The Jewish emigration to the State of Israel occupies a particularly important place in the history of the Romanian Jews during the communist era. Of course, this topic entails several research directions, including the recent history of Romania through position of the Communist Party of Romania about national minorities or international relations: Romania-Israel, Romania-the Soviet Union etc. Most of the times, Romanian authorities had an ambiguous attitude on this issue. Archive sources are very important, but personal experiences complement the larger picture, for a clearer view. The interview given by Professor Liviu Rotman, who emigrated from Romania in 1985, focuses on the situation of communist Romania at the time and illustrates essential aspects of the Aliyah process in that period.
Etichete: emigrare, evreitate, regimul comunist, antisemitism
Keywords: emigration, Jewishness, communist regime, anti-Semitism
Lya BENJAMIN, The B’nai Brith Order in Romania (I.O.B.B.). A short history (pag. 25-32)
The B’nai Brith Order started as a continuation of the „Zion Brotherhood”, created in 1873, being a preparatory school for BB order, set up in 1889. Like its predecessor, the B’nai Brith Order was and is an organization with philanthropic and cultural-educational purposes. It directs his members to a high moral attitude towards a patriotic loyalty to Romania.
Etichete: B’nei Brith, filantropie, patriotism, salvare, loje
Keywords: B’nai Brith, philanthropy, patriotism, ambulance, lodge
Emigration of the Jews from U.S.S.R. to Israel between 1987-1991 it happened in perestroika era. By then, just a few part of the Jews from Soviet Union have managed to emigrate. Unlike the situation of Jewish emigration in the Soviet Union, the Jews from Romania have emigrated constantly during the communist regime.
Under the given conditions, the Jewish transit to Israel was done through Romania, with Romanian authorities accord, despite the attitude of Arabian part towards this emigration.Etichete: emigrare, evrei, U.R.S.S., Israel, Agenţia Evreiască pentru Israel, România, TAROM
Keywords: emigration, Jews, U.S.S.R., Israel State, The Jewish Agency for Israel, Romania, TAROM (Romanian Air Transport)
The significant contribution of Romanian Jewish intellectuals in the field of Romanian linguistics and philology became obvious mainly since the second half of the nineteenth century. Preeminently through their scientific works they brought a decisive enrichment of the Romanian culture during the 19th and 20th centuries. The first generation of such Romanian Jewish scholars is represented by personalities such as Moses Gaster, Heimann Hariton Tiktin (H. Tiktin), I.A. Candrea, Lazar Şăineanu, A. Steinberg, while the second one gathered Alexandru Graur, Jacques Byck, I. Fischer, I. Rizescu, Solomon Marcus and Lucia Wald, F. Edelstein, F. Hasan, Toma Pavel, E. Tauberg, S. Weinberg. Some of them had an unfortunate destiny, despite indisputable spiritual merits, being pushed to marginalization, even expulsion and exile. After many decades Romanian society chose to try a sort of rehabilitation in the case of Moses Gaster by including him in 1929 in the Romanian Academy, but only as honorary member. Moreover, in the 1930s the discrimination against Jews became a sort of state policy culminating in 1940 with the introduction of Nazi-like anti-Semitic legislation. Alexandru Graur, an outstanding Romanian Jewish linguist, was one of the victims of such type of legislation. He firmly expressed his democratic and Socialist views and as a consequence he was severely beaten in 1936 by young anti-Semitic members of the Fascist Legionary Movement.
The article aims at presenting Alexandru Graur’s political and intellectual biography especially during postwar period, when he became member of the communist cultural intellectual bureaucracy (deputy head of Romanian Broadcasting Society, deputy director of Bucharest Institute of Linguistics and so on). This paper explores also both his purge from June 1952 and post-1954 political rehabilitation, focusing on the secret police surveillance.Etichete: Evrei, Comunism, Al. Graur; Institutul de Lingvistică, Academia R.P.R.
Keywords: Jews, Communism, Al. Graur, Institute of Linguistics, Academy of the People’s Republic of Romania
Between the 17th and 20th century Transylvania was part of the Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian Empires, but in 1918 the region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Romania. After the beginning of the Second World War, in 1940 the Northern part of Transylvania was ceded to Hungary. Hungary’s anti-Semitic legislation was imposed here, and many Jewish men were enrolled in forced labor detachments. The process of ghettoization and deportation of Jews began immediately after the German occupation of Hungary. Approximately 150,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz in May-June 1944. Less than 20% of the deportees returned. For Transylvania, 1944 meant the extermination of an ethnic community that was an active participant in the cultural and economic life of the region.
Etichete: Holocaust, Transilvania de Nord, ghetoizare, deportare, evrei, mărturii
Keywords: Holocaust, the Northern part of Transylvania, ghettoization, deportation, jewish, testimonies
Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat Bucureşti (T.E.S.) există din august 1948, deşi numărul vorbitorilor de idiş din România a scăzut în mod constant, astfel încât, la recensământul din 2011, doar 643 de persoane declarau idişul ca limbă maternă. La baza acestui articol stau notele informative scrise de diverse surse între 1970 şi 1979 şi adunate de Securitate în cuprinsul volumelor 10 şi 11 ale dosarului D 137. Informaţia aceasta îmi permite să prezint o vedere de ansamblu asupra activităţii instituţionale a teatrului, din punctul de vedere al Securităţii, astfel încât să reconstitui ceea ce criticul literar Valentina Glăjar a numit „biografie arhivată” şi să scot în evidenţă natura duplicitară a relaţiei statului român cu comunitatea evreiască.
Etichete: Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat/T.E.S., Barasheum, K.U.F., Comitetul Democrat Evreesc/C.D.E., emigrare/Aliyah, Israil Bercovici
Keywords: Jewish State Theater/T.E.S., Barasheum, Yidisher Kultur Farband/Y.KU.F., Jewish Democratic Committee/C.D.E., emigration/Aliyah, Israil Bercovici
„Povestirea de dosar” a maiorului de Securitate Samuel Feld dezvăluie o relatare fragmentară, deseori decorativă, alteori conflictuală, care reconstruiește activitatea sa de 11 ani în cadrul Securității, cele două investigații și demiterea sa din anul 1960. Bazat pe dosarele de cadre și de urmărire ale acestuia, prezentul articol expune atât aspecte ale funcționării acestei organizații la nivelul ofițerilor, dar și o parte de istorie româno-evreiască, însoţită de antisemitism, persecutare și speranțe false în perioada stalinistă. La baza cazului împotriva maiorului Feld s-au aflat note informative, caracterizări ale colegilor și subalternilor, denunțuri anonime și interogări la care se face aluzie, dar care lipsesc din dosar. Un expert în interogări și cu o memorie și inteligență deosebite, Feld a știut să anticipeze și să dejoace planurile investigatorilor săi pas cu pas, prin explicații elaborate, care nu corespundeau adevărului. Cu ingeniozitate și iscusință a reușit să influențeze desfășurarea carierei sale și să deraieze planurile investigatorilor săi pâna la momentul în care inevitabilul s-a produs și a fost exclus din M.A.I. şi din P.C.R., la 29 februarie 1960.
Etichete: „povestire de dosar”, Securitate, ofițer, autobiografie, investigație, denunțare, demitere, supraveghere, stalinism, sionism, Timişoara, oraşul Stalin
Keywords: „File story”, Securitate, officer, autobiography, investigation, denunciation, dismissal, surveillance, Stalinism, Zionism, Timişoara, town Stalin
Mihaela TOADER, The Arab-Israeli war – „Six-Day War” in the archives of C.N.S.A.S. (pag. 163-184)
The Arab-Israeli war in the summer of 1967 (June 5 to 10) is part of a series of conflicts that have opened up a new perspective in the history of international relations, both with regard to geopolitical and geostrategic changes in the Middle East area and direct interests in this area the United States of America and the Soviet Union, which sought to support one of the conflicting parties. The parties involved in the armed conflict known in history as the „Six-Day War” were on the one hand Israel and on the other side the alliance of the Arab states, consisting of Egypt, Jordan and Syria. It is highlighted, in this context, the position adopted by the governments of Paris and Bucharest. The Arab-Israeli episode may be part of the Ceausescu regime for peacekeeping and promotion policy in the field of foreign relations a „policy of balance”, which was based on all information from the Security Service. The document we will edit is found in a file of „non-operative correspondence” filed in 1968.
Etichete: „Războiul de şase zile”, S.U.A., Uniunea Sovietică, Egipt, Iordania, Siria, „politica de echilibru”, „corespondenţă non-operativă”
Keywords: „The six-day war”, U.S.A., Soviet Union, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, „policy of balance”, „non-operative correspondence”
Cezar Petre BUIUMACI, Malbim – a Synagogue in The Way of the Victory of the Socialism (pag. 185-196)
The Jewish cultural heritage of Bucharest survives through time, overcoming hardships such as the opposing legislation, the pogrom, emigration or demolitions, maintaining its presence today by means of archive images and memoirs. The subject we will be discussing is the Malbim Synagogue, which, after an existence of over 120 years, succumbed to the advance of bulldozers 30 years ago. Situated in the Căii Văcărești area, Malbim was one of Jewish culture and tradition’s most important poles, with a rich library, being the place where classes were taught on Judaism, also hosting religious conferences. Between 1943 and 1944 it harboured ritual meals every Saturday, its cultural work being thusly accompanied by efforts for social assistance. It is also where ritual food items for Pesach, sent by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in the 70s, were stored. Malbim Synagogue also experienced less pleasant aspects throughout its long existence, becoming a torture centre during the Legionnaires’ rebellion of January 1941. During the Communist regime it was closely-monitored by the Intelligence Service, before being demolished in 1987 for the single reason that it stood in the path of the new road that was being built: Calea Victoriei Socialismului (The Way of Socialism’s Victory). After the 1977 earthquake, along with Malbim, several places of worship, both Jewish and Christian, as well as a series of historical monuments were also demolished as a result of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s will to build the Palace of the Republic and to change the area around it accordingly, in order to create a Champs Elysee-style boulevard, guarded by rows of apartment blocks meant to mask the residential areas behind them, depriving Bucharest of an important part of its Jewish cultural heritage.
Etichete: Sinagoga Malbim, moştenirea evreiască, Victoria Socialismului, Palatul Republicii, demolări, sistematizare
Keywords: Malbim Synagogue, Jewish heritage, Socialism’s Victory, Palace of the Republic, demolitions, systematisation
Ana Novac (the literary pseudonym chosen by Petru Dumitriu for Zimra Harsányi) is a writer of Jewish descent who remains an illustrative example for the transition from an atmosphere of „calm” to ideological control over literary works, which led to the decision to ban her play What Kind of Man Are You? She is the author of a diary from the concentration camp, that she started writing while she was being deported to Auschwitz. Written in Hungarian, Zimra Harsányi’s diary was published in France, in 1968, being translated by the author herself as J’avais 14 ans a Auscwitz and subsequently as Les beaux jours de ma jeunesse. Censorship and the exclusion of Ana Novac from the Writers’ Union in 1959 represented major changes in her destiny, without which the diary might not have been finished and published.
Etichete: jurnal de lagăr, teroare permanentă, teatru realist-socialist, excluderea din cadrele profesionale, cenzură, supravegherea Securităţii
Keywords: diary from the concentration camp, permanent terror, socialist realist theater, exclusion from the professional staff, censorship, surveillance undertaken by the Securitate
To what extent was the increasingly nationalist discourse of the Romanian communist regime in Romania reflected in the staff policy of the repressive bodies? Could we characterize the adjustment of the ethnic composition of the Securitate personnel in the 1960s as an attempt to enforce nationalism? Was there a time period during which only Romanians were recruited and promoted within the Securitate and when exactly did it occur?
The present paper tries to provide answers to the above questions regarding the staff policy of the Romanian Securitate. Starting from a brief presentation of the manner of dealing with the „problem of nationalism” in the Soviet Union, the author emphasizes the influence of the Soviet theory and practice on the staff policy of the communist regime in Romania, stress being laid on the evolution undergone by the Securitate apparatus until 1989.
The first part of our work, dealing with the enforcement of nationalism within the Securitate apparatus, focuses on the changes that occurred in the ethnic composition of the Securitate staff during 1948-1960. Besides, the paper analyzes the reasons behind the removal of Jews from the Romanian repressive apparatus in the early 1960s.Etichete: naţionalism, cadre, compoziţie etnică, evrei
Keywords: nationalism, officers, ethnic composition, Jews
Communist Romania was, among the countries of the former communist camp, the country with one of the most important Jewish minorities. This could not be ignored in the capital of the new state created after the Second World War – Israel. For political, economic and defense reasons, the Israeli political authorities have made special efforts for a large proportion of the Jews in Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and the USSR to go to the holy ground. There were thus premises for pragmatic understandings between these countries and the State of Israel, which proposed and subsequently put into practice the redemption of important contingents from the Jewish minority.
Beyond Israel’s desire to boost immigration from Eastern Europe and Romania, in particular, there were to be found sufficient reasons but also communication solutions through which the Jews in these places could choose to emigrate. So, if we know for the state of Israel what contradicted when it insisted on emigration, the question is what motivated the Jews to leave the places of origin.
In the Romanian case, the Securitate documents provide us with sufficient information to answer the latter question. The present study only tints and delimits some of the causes that made the Jewish population living in the Romanian urban area demand to go to the holy ground in the late 1960s. It is worth mentioning that this period is the most strenuous in the history of Romanian Communism, from several points of view, of political stability, of economic development and of raising the living standards of the population.
Etichete: comunitatea evreiască, documentele Securității, stări de spirit, emigrare
Keywords: the Jewish community, Securitate documents, moods, emigration
The study aims to trace the story of one of the most important personalities of the Romanian sport during the post-war era, as well as her relations with the political regime and informative-operative structures.
The reconstruction of the totalitarian past is also made by approaching the socio-occupational relations of that period, and Angelica Rozeanu’s activity was a part of this matter. Remarkably results in sports, the political regime’s conception about this kind of sports personalities and the way they had to answer the demands of the new leadership are being analyzed in the present case study.
At the same time, the activity of the Securitate emerges from our analysis on the athlete and her family by highlighting the measures that were applied in the present case.Etichete: tenis de masă, campioană mondială, informator, confiscare, plecare în străinătate
Keywords: table tennis, world champion, informer, confiscation, leaving the country
II. Reviews. Reading Notes
III. Abbreviations
IV. List of authors