(English version below)
Cuprins
1. Studii
Oana Ionel DEMETRIADE, „Greva foamei, 16 persoane cer respectarea drepturilor omului” (pag. 7-54)
The article aims to present a case of camouflage of political repression by common law convictions, after Romania had committed itself to the Helsinki Final Act, which stipulated the right to free movement and settlement in a country other than one’s native one. Initially, the protagonists did not intend to settle in other countries for political reasons, but the harsh reactions of the authorities prompted them to fight for their rights, so that their attitudes took on anti-system connotations and they had the courage to protest publicly. Although convicted for common law crimes, it was the Political Police that investigated them, meticulously organised their trial and tracked them in prison and in their free life (the not convicted ones). Despite constant pressure, because they did not give up their dream ofliving in free countries, the protagonists of the “Drumul Taberei” Action (as the operation is called in the Political Police documents) received passports and left Romania, turning from losers to winners.
Keywords: human rights breaches; permanent departure from the country; hunger strike; public protest; intelligence tracking; recruitment of informers; camouflage of repression.
Alina ILINCA, Liviu Marius BEJENARU, Aurel Pampu şi atracția comunismului (pag. 55-102)
As Vladimir Tismaneanu argues, the attraction of left-wing radicalism, of Marxist ideology, including of what its Stalinist version meant for intellectual and political circles in the West and Eastern Europe in the 20th century, remains an interesting topic that has not yet been analysed in detail. According to the French historian Frarn;:ois Furet, the fascination that the Great October Socialist Revolution held for intellectual circles and beyond was caused by the fact that Soviet Russia began to be seen not as the laboratory of a dangerous political adventure, but as the new home of an experiment in radical social change.
One of the intellectuals attracted by the communist idea was Aurel Pampu. A graduate of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy in Cluj, Aurel Pampu joined the communist movement in 1925, in his second year at university, when he began to attend the meetings of the Hungarian members of the Communist Right-Wing P arty of Romani a. In 1936 he went to Paris to pre pare his doctoral thesis with Henri Wallon of the College de France, the professor he so admired and who was also a member of the French Communist Party, and in the years during the Second World War, when the brilliance of the communist experiment came from anti-fascist culture, Pampu was involved with other compatriots in the French Resistance against Nazism.
After the liberation of France, he remained in Paris until September 1950, when he was expelled by the French authorities for his work in the Romanian National Committee, now regarded as a mere annex of the Romanian People’s Republic Legation.
Returning home, Pampu found that he did not fit into the Communist mould here. Regarded with distrust, as a result of his time in France, he remained a non-achiever, finally settling for the status of meteor in the history of Romanian communism and in the pantheon of science.Keywords: Aurel Pampu, child psychology, French Resistance, Romanian National Committee, Romanian Committee for Repatriation, political culture.
The main research objective of the study is to synthetically analyse the actions carried out and methods used during a whole year by a county political police structure in the context of the changes that occurred in the intelligence-operational dynamics at the beginning of the last decade of the Ceausescu regime. In 1980, the economic problems and especially those of public supply began to be fully felt and realized by the population. The broadcasts of the radio station “Europa Liberă” were another factor that significantly influenced the evolution of the internal intelligence-operational situation in the direction of increasing the number of people who fearlessly expressed their discontent and criticism of the communist political regime in Romania.
In 1980 S.J. Alba had to pay a great deal of attention to reporting to the D.S.S. leadership and party bodies the extensive deficiencies in the economy of Alba county, the related analyses showing the fact that rnany of the dysfunctions observed were caused, on the whole, simply by the application of the economic mechanisms established by the political power (“new economic-financial mechanism”). The Political Police understood very well that there could be no direct link between the shortcomings of an establishment’s economic activity and the dissatisfaction of its employees. S.J. Alba reports from 1980 reveal the widespread and worsening discontent of employees in many of the county’s industrial units, caused by monthly reductions in income and even job losses, all as a result of the application of the “new economic and financial mechanism” and the global wage agreement. The mood of discontent began to manifest itself mainly among the workers, with the form of expression being at times vehement, with forms of collective protest, even attempts at strikes. In 1980, S.J. Alba – like all the political police units in the country- suddenly realised that the workers had become its new “enemy”, as the social class that had the potential to become – and did become – the most bitter political opponent of the communist political regime.
In 1980, the Political Police in Alba County also recorded the emergence of discontent among the county’s population as a result of shortages of food (and especially ofbasic foodstuffs) and consumer goods. In a very short time, this discontent has worsened and spread to the whole county, affecting mainly the whole urban environment, but also the rural environment.Keywords: economic shortcomings/deficiencies, discontent, “Europa Libera”, evasion, preventive repressive measures.
Iuliu CRĂCANĂ, Regimul străinilor în România comunistă (pag. 185-254)
In the 1950s, Ro mania completely isolated itself from the West and was isolated in turn. The phenomenon was accompanied by captivitywithin the country itself, as crossing the border, even into a ‘friendly’ communist country, was difficult. Romania’s opening up to the West in the second half of the 1960s also meant an ever-increasing number of foreign nationals, tourists, students and representatives of foreign companies.
Because there was a strong possibility that foreign nationals in Romania would carry out espionage and propaganda activities, as well as disseminate capitalist ideas, the communist regime took measures in which the Politica! Police was given a very important role.
On the other hand, foreign citizens in Romania were privileged compared to the majority of Romanian citizens. They could hold foreign currency and purchase consumer goods of foreign ori gin, and the criminal policy towards foreign citizens was very permissive. The payment of a bai! or a fine could get foreign nationals domiciled abroad out of prosecution or prison.
The present study attempts to analyse the measures taken with regard to the legal regime of foreigners in Ro mania, the property regime, official relations between representatives of state institutions on Romanian territory, entry and exit from the country, civil rights, the official measures of the Militia with regard to monitoring, surveillance, but above all, the measures of the Political Police with regard to the pursuit of information and any activities considered hostile to state security and the politica! regime in Bucharest.Keywords: state secret, foreign citizen, Political Police, border, tourist, foreign student.
The theme of the Romanian church exile represents another unexplored chapter in the post-December historiography of Romania. It is an extremely complex chapter, both in the number of events and facts, and especially in the methodology to be used and access to sources. To cover this historiographical gap, the present approach concerns the church press
in exile that appeared at the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris, one of the most important post-war Romanian religious centers. Thus, following research conducted in archives and libraries in the country and abroad, this study comes to outline the issue of the Romanian church press in Paris, during the exile.Keywords: Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris, Romanian exile, press.
The study outlines the strategies of the People’s Republic of China to become a presence on the world stage, especially through integration into international organizations. Due to the new geostrategic context and growing economic and military potential, by the end of the Cold War, China had managed to become a member of all major international organizations around the world. At the same time, the membership of the People’s Republic of China in international organizations meant the expulsion of Taiwan from these organizations, contributing to its isolation on the international stage. The study fucuses, also, on the accession of the People’s Republic of China in the International Criminal Police Organization – Interpol, emphasizing Romania’s contribution in this case.
Keywords: International Organizations, Cold War, China Foreign Policy, Communism
Along with the political police (Securitate) and the Militia, the civil justice system was a basic instrument through which the communist regime in Romania exercised repression in Vrancea County. Many people were convicted of activities that the communist regime considered illegal: abortions, possession of small amounts of precious metals and currency, speculating (trade being restricted), butchering domestic animals for food.
Keywords: communist, justice, Vrancea, repression.
Tudor Vianu represents a special case ofintellectual journey in the whirlwind of events that unfolded rapidly after August 23, 1944. A look at his biography shows that one of the permanent features of his life and destiny was his vocation as a teacher, in the pursuit of which he encountered many difficulties. He was targeted by the anti-Semitic legislat ion of the N ationalLegionary State, was moved from the department of Aesthetics to that of Comparative Literature with the institutionalisation of the Communist regime, and was periodically suspended from his professorship during the years of foii Stalinism. In relation to the communist regime he made those concessions that would ensure his literary survival and the fulfilment of his professional vocation. Literarily, it can be said that he did nat share the method of socialist realism and ensured the continuity of the aesthetic in the lineage of Maiorescu’s criticism.
Keywords: teaching vocation, anti-Semitic legislation, suspension from professorship, concessions, method of socialist realism, continuity of aesthetics.
2. Recenzii
3. Lista abrevierilor
4. Autori
***
Summary
- Studies
Oana Ionel DEMETRIADE, ”Hunger strike, 16 people demand respect for human rights” (pag. 7-54)
The article aims to present a case of camouflage of political repression by common law convictions, after Romania had committed itself to the Helsinki Final Act, which stipulated the right to free movement and settlement in a country other than one’s native one. Initially, the protagonists did not intend to settle in other countries for political reasons, but the harsh reactions of the authorities prompted them to fight for their rights, so that their attitudes took on anti-system connotations and they had the courage to protest publicly. Although convicted for common law crimes, it was the Political Police that investigated them, meticulously organised their trial and tracked them in prison and in their free life (the not convicted ones). Despite constant pressure, because they did not give up their dream ofliving in free countries, the protagonists of the “Drumul Taberei” Action (as the operation is called in the Political Police documents) received passports and left Romania, turning from losers to winners.
Keywords: human rights breaches; permanent departure from the country; hunger strike; public protest; intelligence tracking; recruitment of informers; camouflage of repression.
Alina ILINCA, Liviu Marius BEJENARU, Aurel Pampu and the attraction of communism (pag. 55-102)
As Vladimir Tismaneanu argues, the attraction of left-wing radicalism, of Marxist ideology, including of what its Stalinist version meant for intellectual and political circles in the West and Eastern Europe in the 20th century, remains an interesting topic that has not yet been analysed in detail. According to the French historian Frarn;:ois Furet, the fascination that the Great October Socialist Revolution held for intellectual circles and beyond was caused by the fact that Soviet Russia began to be seen not as the laboratory of a dangerous political adventure, but as the new home of an experiment in radical social change.
One of the intellectuals attracted by the communist idea was Aurel Pampu. A graduate of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy in Cluj, Aurel Pampu joined the communist movement in 1925, in his second year at university, when he began to attend the meetings of the Hungarian members of the Communist Right-Wing P arty of Romani a. In 1936 he went to Paris to pre pare his doctoral thesis with Henri Wallon of the College de France, the professor he so admired and who was also a member of the French Communist Party, and in the years during the Second World War, when the brilliance of the communist experiment came from anti-fascist culture, Pampu was involved with other compatriots in the French Resistance against Nazism.
After the liberation of France, he remained in Paris until September 1950, when he was expelled by the French authorities for his work in the Romanian National Committee, now regarded as a mere annex of the Romanian People’s Republic Legation.
Returning home, Pampu found that he did not fit into the Communist mould here. Regarded with distrust, as a result of his time in France, he remained a non-achiever, finally settling for the status of meteor in the history of Romanian communism and in the pantheon of science.Keywords: Aurel Pampu, child psychology, French Resistance, Romanian National Committee, Romanian Committee for Repatriation, political culture.
The main research objective of the study is to synthetically analyse the actions carried out and methods used during a whole year by a county political police structure in the context of the changes that occurred in the intelligence-operational dynamics at the beginning of the last decade of the Ceausescu regime. In 1980, the economic problems and especially those of public supply began to be fully felt and realized by the population. The broadcasts of the radio station “Europa Liberă” were another factor that significantly influenced the evolution of the internal intelligence-operational situation in the direction of increasing the number of people who fearlessly expressed their discontent and criticism of the communist political regime in Romania.
In 1980 S.J. Alba had to pay a great deal of attention to reporting to the D.S.S. leadership and party bodies the extensive deficiencies in the economy of Alba county, the related analyses showing the fact that rnany of the dysfunctions observed were caused, on the whole, simply by the application of the economic mechanisms established by the political power (“new economic-financial mechanism”). The Political Police understood very well that there could be no direct link between the shortcomings of an establishment’s economic activity and the dissatisfaction of its employees. S.J. Alba reports from 1980 reveal the widespread and worsening discontent of employees in many of the county’s industrial units, caused by monthly reductions in income and even job losses, all as a result of the application of the “new economic and financial mechanism” and the global wage agreement. The mood of discontent began to manifest itself mainly among the workers, with the form of expression being at times vehement, with forms of collective protest, even attempts at strikes. In 1980, S.J. Alba – like all the political police units in the country- suddenly realised that the workers had become its new “enemy”, as the social class that had the potential to become – and did become – the most bitter political opponent of the communist political regime.
In 1980, the Political Police in Alba County also recorded the emergence of discontent among the county’s population as a result of shortages of food (and especially ofbasic foodstuffs) and consumer goods. In a very short time, this discontent has worsened and spread to the whole county, affecting mainly the whole urban environment, but also the rural environment.Keywords: economic shortcomings/deficiencies, discontent, “Europa Libera”, evasion, preventive repressive measures.
Iuliu CRĂCANĂ, The regime of foreigners in communist Romania (pag. 185-254)
In the 1950s, Ro mania completely isolated itself from the West and was isolated in turn. The phenomenon was accompanied by captivitywithin the country itself, as crossing the border, even into a ‘friendly’ communist country, was difficult. Romania’s opening up to the West in the second half of the 1960s also meant an ever-increasing number of foreign nationals, tourists, students and representatives of foreign companies.
Because there was a strong possibility that foreign nationals in Romania would carry out espionage and propaganda activities, as well as disseminate capitalist ideas, the communist regime took measures in which the Politica! Police was given a very important role.
On the other hand, foreign citizens in Romania were privileged compared to the majority of Romanian citizens. They could hold foreign currency and purchase consumer goods of foreign ori gin, and the criminal policy towards foreign citizens was very permissive. The payment of a bai! or a fine could get foreign nationals domiciled abroad out of prosecution or prison.
The present study attempts to analyse the measures taken with regard to the legal regime of foreigners in Ro mania, the property regime, official relations between representatives of state institutions on Romanian territory, entry and exit from the country, civil rights, the official measures of the Militia with regard to monitoring, surveillance, but above all, the measures of the Political Police with regard to the pursuit of information and any activities considered hostile to state security and the politica! regime in Bucharest.Keywords: state secret, foreign citizen, Political Police, border, tourist, foreign student.
The theme of the Romanian church exile represents another unexplored chapter in the post-December historiography of Romania. It is an extremely complex chapter, both in the number of events and facts, and especially in the methodology to be used and access to sources. To cover this historiographical gap, the present approach concerns the church press
in exile that appeared at the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris, one of the most important post-war Romanian religious centers. Thus, following research conducted in archives and libraries in the country and abroad, this study comes to outline the issue of the Romanian church press in Paris, during the exile.Keywords: Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris, Romanian exile, press.
The study outlines the strategies of the People’s Republic of China to become a presence on the world stage, especially through integration into international organizations. Due to the new geostrategic context and growing economic and military potential, by the end of the Cold War, China had managed to become a member of all major international organizations around the world. At the same time, the membership of the People’s Republic of China in international organizations meant the expulsion of Taiwan from these organizations, contributing to its isolation on the international stage. The study fucuses, also, on the accession of the People’s Republic of China in the International Criminal Police Organization – Interpol, emphasizing Romania’s contribution in this case.
Keywords: International Organizations, Cold War, China Foreign Policy, Communism.
Along with the political police (Securitate) and the Militia, the civil justice system was a basic instrument through which the communist regime in Romania exercised repression in Vrancea County. Many people were convicted of activities that the communist regime considered illegal: abortions, possession of small amounts of precious metals and currency, speculating (trade being restricted), butchering domestic animals for food.
Keywords: communist, justice, Vrancea, repression.
Tudor Vianu represents a special case of intellectual journey in the whirlwind of events that unfolded rapidly after August 23, 1944. A look at his biography shows that one of the permanent features of his life and destiny was his vocation as a teacher, in the pursuit of which he encountered many difficulties. He was targeted by the anti-Semitic legislat ion of the N ationalLegionary State, was moved from the department of Aesthetics to that of Comparative Literature with the institutionalisation of the Communist regime, and was periodically suspended from his professorship during the years of foii Stalinism. In relation to the communist regime he made those concessions that would ensure his literary survival and the fulfilment of his professional vocation. Literarily, it can be said that he did nat share the method of socialist realism and ensured the continuity of the aesthetic in the lineage of Maiorescu’s criticism.
Keywords: teaching vocation, anti-Semitic legislation, suspension from professorship, concessions, method of socialist realism, continuity of aesthetics.
2. Recenzii
3. List of abbreviations
4. Authors` presentations