CUPRINS
I. Studii
The (arch)bishop of Transilvania calls for bringing the political promises into daily social practice and requires perseverance in coping with the difficulties posed by the divergent and complementary interpretations of some sensitive situations regarding our joint history. Áron Márton referred, on the 1st of December 1968, to those who lived in his eparchy, revealing in a prophetic way the distance between what it is and what it should be. His adhortation “let’s give back the word its moral content, its national force and reliability” calls for unity and reconciliation, focusing on concepts such as identity, freedom and responsibilities, but, above all else, love, which was for him a spiritual mission.
Etichete: 1968, Áron Márton, Biserica Catolică, Republica Socialistă România, minoritatea maghiară
Keywords: 1968, Áron Márton, Catholic Church, Socialist Republic of Romania, Hungarian minority.
The present study aims to reconstruct the atmosphere in which the crucial events of 1918 took place. The evolution of the state of mind of the different categories of population, the difficulties of material nature, the dangers of all kinds that put the daily existence under the question mark are evoked through the testimonies recorded by the direct participants to the events. From this perspective, the fresco of the year 1918 is a particularly complex and nuanced one. The Romanian nation was not in a triumphal march, but went through difficult moments, marked by despair and illuminated by hope.
The message transmitted by ancestors, at a distance of 100 years, is a tonic one, trusting the ability of the Romanian people to overcome, through intelligence and will, the most difficult situations.
Etichete: 1918, război, România Mare, eroi, agonie, izbândă
Keywords: 1918, war, Great Romania, heroes, agony, victory
Iuliu Căpâlneanu, Greek-Catholic priest in the village of Vereşmort, was delegate of the Vintu de Sus electoral circle to the Great National Assembly in Alba Iulia. During the interwar period, Iuliu Căpâlneanu was one of the leaders of the local community, both in religious and political terms (being elected parliamentary P.N.Ţ. in several legislatures).
After the installation of the communist government, the local leaders of P.C.R. they saw in the protopop a powerful political rival, for which, in September 1945, they followed his arrest and imprisonment in Alba Iulia, being released only following the express order of Peter Groza, who knew the protopop from 1918, from Alba Iulia. In April 1946, after being the victim of serious physical aggression, Iuliu Căpâlneanu was retired, settling in Cluj, where he continued to remain an opponent of the communist regime, performing clandestine Greek-Catholic religious service until his death.
Etichete: Marea Unire, lider P.N.Ț., preot greco-catolic, slujbe clandestine, opozant anticomunist
Keywords: Great Union, P.N.Ț. leader, Greek-Catholic priest, clandestine religious service, anticommunist opponent
Prin Tratatul de la Brest-Litovsk (9 februarie 1918) erau stabilite relații diplomatice și consulare între Republica Populară Ucraina și Puterile Centrale alături de aliații lor (Germania, Imperiul Austro-ungar, Bulgaria și Turcia). Ca urmare, în perioada imediat următoare în Ucraina au fost revizuite formele și principiile de bază ale activității instituțiilor de învățământ inițiale în domeniul formării resurselor umane pentru misiunile externe ucrainene. Pe baza informațiilor de arhivă s-a putut stabili compoziția personalului didactic și profilul studenților. A fost cercetată contribuția personală a oamenilor de stat ucraineni din Republica Populară Ucraineană la formularea principiilor educației speciale a diplomaților.
Etichete: Serviciul Consular Ucrainean, educație diplomatică, cursuri consulare, Institutul Orientului Mijlociu
Keywords: Ukrainian Consular Service, diplomatic education, consular courses, the Middle Eastern Institute
The study analyzes the combined actions of some institutions of the Romanian communist state for the confiscation of the private archives of some notable Bessarabian unionists (especially Pantelimon Halippa and Ioan Pelivan). Interpreted by some as a saving action of the authorities and a consequence of offering material compensations, the thorough research of the documents from the C.N.S.A.S. and other public archives gave us much more nuanced conclusions. Because the communist state, out of obedience to the USSR, sought to silence the issue of Bessarabia, the Securitate (“party army”) carried out extensive operative actions, using various methods, to annihilate the activities of the “Bessarabian circle”, which campaigned for the restoration of the attention of the Romanian and international authorities of the former province’s affiliation with Romania. One of the most effective measures to this end was to persuade the Bessarabian unionists or their descendants to “hand over” the historical evidence they held to the State Archives (where they were mostly transferred to “special funds”), from the initiative, through and under the strict supervision of Securitate officers. Most elderly and in a precarious financial situation, following the cessation of their professional activity during communist detention (for the reason of being “espionage against the USSR” or “bourgeois politics”), the Securitate adopted various methods to annihilate the unionists Bessarabians: banning public events and supervising private meetings, promising to solve personal problems (pensions, providing housing etc.), pursuing unconspired information, engaging in collaboration etc. In this context, we also analyze Pantelimon Halippa’s “privileged relationship” with the Security, which brought important benefits to the political police and through which some of the initiatives of the Bessarabians in Romania were controlled.
Etichete: unioniști basarabeni, arhive private, memorializare, confiscare, fonduri speciale de arhivă, metode operative, anihilarea inițiativelor.
Keywords: Bessarabian unionists, private archives, memorialization, confiscation, special archive funds, operative methods, annihilation of initiatives
Considered the greatest Romanian criminalist of all time, through his perfect method, impeccable organization and precise definitions, Vintilă Dongoroz created a school beyond the criminal policy of a political regime. He was the main craftsman of the Criminal Codes from 1936 and 1968. We cannot deny, however, that Vintilă Dongoroz was the perfect doctrinaire of dictatorial criminal law, that his work is strictly related to the totalitarian regimes under which he was called to work and which , without any political ambitions or ambitions, he served them through his work. The school in Dongoroz does not leave much room for interpretation, and the independence of the judge regarding the judgment is practically null.
Taken from the Italian Criminal Code of 1930, the way to regulate rehabilitation was impossible if the convict had died while serving his sentence. Unlike in 1936, in the communist regime, post-mortem rehabilitation was necessary for relatives and especially for descendants because of the personnel file in which a convicted and unrehabilitated parent or other relative had a very difficult career.
The imprisoned doctrine could be repaired only in 1985 by Mihail C. Ardeleanu, a brave judge from the Suceava County Court. He made a decision against the law rehabilitating the father, who died during the execution of the sentence, of a young graduate of the Marine Institute “Mircea cel Batran” from Constanta, whose fact blocked his career advancement, although he had been head of promotion, because in the case of cadres appeared that his father is unrehabilitated.
The courageous sentence triggered a controversy in the Romanian Law Review, at the end of which the topic, as a legal argument, became the subject of the (final) capacity exam for judges.
Etichete: Cod penal, dosar de cadre, Vintilă Dongoroz, Mihail Ardeleanu, regim totalitar, sentință, reabilitare judecătorească.
Keywords: Criminal Code, personnel file, Vintilă Dongoroz, Mihail Ardeleanu, totalitarian regime, sentence, judicial rehabilitation
The problem of children used in top secret operations has seldom been the subject of historical research. The explanation may lie in the fact that the stakes of this issue have been much higher than that of the issue of ordinary denunciations, but we must also admit that, fortunately, the Kadar security structures have used a relatively small number of minor collaborators.
What escaped, however, both the political police workers and the historical studies written after the regime change, was the insincere and inappropriate use of terminology. If we consider the legal framework in force at that time, we must admit that citizens were considered minors until the age of Consequently, then, recruitment could only be illegal, and now, from the perspective of a moral judgment, the act committed against minors continues to be time-barred.
Etichete: recrutare, rețea informativă, minori, dictatură, supravegherea școlilor bisericești
Keywords: recruitment, information network, minors, dictatorship, surveillance of church schools
The special course of Romania has its origins in the destalinization phase of the Eastern bloc after 1956. While other communist parties dictated in their domestic politics a cautious detachment course and began to break away from Stalinism, Gheoghe Gheorghiu-Dej refused the destalinization and intensified his own internal political course. In 1958, Soviet troops left Romania, and in 1963 they were followed by KGB advisers from the Ministry of Interior. The positioning of Romania in an ideological conflict with the Soviet one culminated in April 1964, with an open declaration of the course of independence from the Soviet Union.
This essay follows the answer to the question: how did the East German Ministry of State Security (MSS; in German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) and the Soviet KGB react on the different route followed by Romania and what measures did they take to ensure the Soviet supremacy on Romania.
Etichete: stalinism, România, blocul comunist, dizidență, Securitate, KGB, Stasi, Mitrohin
Keywords: Stalinism, Romania, the communist bloc, dissent, Securitate, KGB, Stasi, Mitrokhin
In the archive of the former Securitate organs are kept the notes of the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior on how the works of the XIV Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (November 20-24, 1989) were reflected in the foreign media, especially those in the US and Western Europe.
The Special Unit “R” of the Department of State Security of the Ministry of Interior focused on the radio stations: “BBC”, “Free Europe”, “Voice of America”, “Radio France Internationale”, “Deutsche Welle”, the radio station in the language Hungarian “Kossuth”; news agencies: “France Presse”, Yugoslav Taniug Agency, Soviet Tass Agency, Spanish EFE Agency, Hungarian MTI Agency etc.
The information contained in the notes of the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department is important because the newspaper “Scânteia”, the press body of the PCR, did not publish the reports, comments from foreign media, in the attention of the Special Unit “R” from DSS, regarding the XIV Congress of the PCR in Bucharest nor the critical speeches of the foreign delegations during the congress, such as that of the French Communist Party which expressed criticism regarding the non-respect of human rights in Romania and even regarding to the conception of socialism towards the line followed by the Romanian Communist Party.
In the newspaper “Scânteia”, the press organ of the PCR, it is only shown that the mass media in the USA and Western Europe also reported on the works and debates of the 14th Congress of the PCR, without reporting and their content.
From the notes of the Special Unit “R” from the State Security Department we find out how thought abroad about Nicolae Ceausescu and the political regime in Bucharest, about the works of the XIV Congress of the Romanian Communist Party.
The documents from the archives of the Romanian Communist Party show us the opinion of Nicolae Ceausescu, the party and state leader of Romania, towards the events in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the way the last congress of the Romanian Communist Party was organized and held.
The conclusions that emerge from the documents from the archives of the Romanian Communist Party and from the notes prepared by the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior, which focused on radio stations and foreign press agencies, especially those in the West , are: that this congress of the Romanian Communist Party was not going to produce changes in the communist system in Romania that would start a peaceful process of democratization as in the other Eastern European countries; that the Romanian head of state will resort to repression in order to stay in power, but also that Nicolae Ceausescu and his regime will not survive the political changes in Eastern Europe.
Etichete: Congresul al XIV-lea al PCR, Nicolae Ceauşescu, regimul comunist, Partidul Comunist Român, 1989.
Keywords: The XIV Congress of the PCR, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Communist regime, Romanian Communist Party, 1989
II. Recenzii. Note de lectură
***
SUMMARY
I. Research
The (arch)bishop of Transilvania calls for bringing the political promises into daily social practice and requires perseverance in coping with the difficulties posed by the divergent and complementary interpretations of some sensitive situations regarding our joint history. Áron Márton referred, on the 1st of December 1968, to those who lived in his eparchy, revealing in a prophetic way the distance between what it is and what it should be. His adhortation “let’s give back the word its moral content, its national force and reliability” calls for unity and reconciliation, focusing on concepts such as identity, freedom and responsibilities, but, above all else, love, which was for him a spiritual mission.
Etichete: 1968, Áron Márton, Biserica Catolică, Republica Socialistă România, minoritatea maghiară
Keywords: 1968, Áron Márton, Catholic Church, Socialist Republic of Romania, Hungarian minority.
The present study aims to reconstruct the atmosphere in which the crucial events of 1918 took place. The evolution of the state of mind of the different categories of population, the difficulties of material nature, the dangers of all kinds that put the daily existence under the question mark are evoked through the testimonies recorded by the direct participants to the events. From this perspective, the fresco of the year 1918 is a particularly complex and nuanced one. The Romanian nation was not in a triumphal march, but went through difficult moments, marked by despair and illuminated by hope.
The message transmitted by ancestors, at a distance of 100 years, is a tonic one, trusting the ability of the Romanian people to overcome, through intelligence and will, the most difficult situations.
Etichete: 1918, război, România Mare, eroi, agonie, izbândă
Keywords: 1918, war, Great Romania, heroes, agony, victory
Iuliu Căpâlneanu, Greek-Catholic priest in the village of Vereşmort, was delegate of the Vintu de Sus electoral circle to the Great National Assembly in Alba Iulia. During the interwar period, Iuliu Căpâlneanu was one of the leaders of the local community, both in religious and political terms (being elected parliamentary P.N.Ţ. in several legislatures).
After the installation of the communist government, the local leaders of P.C.R. they saw in the protopop a powerful political rival, for which, in September 1945, they followed his arrest and imprisonment in Alba Iulia, being released only following the express order of Peter Groza, who knew the protopop from 1918, from Alba Iulia. In April 1946, after being the victim of serious physical aggression, Iuliu Căpâlneanu was retired, settling in Cluj, where he continued to remain an opponent of the communist regime, performing clandestine Greek-Catholic religious service until his death.
Etichete: Marea Unire, lider P.N.Ț., preot greco-catolic, slujbe clandestine, opozant anticomunist
Keywords: Great Union, P.N.Ț. leader, Greek-Catholic priest, clandestine religious service, anticommunist opponent
Prin Tratatul de la Brest-Litovsk (9 februarie 1918) erau stabilite relații diplomatice și consulare între Republica Populară Ucraina și Puterile Centrale alături de aliații lor (Germania, Imperiul Austro-ungar, Bulgaria și Turcia). Ca urmare, în perioada imediat următoare în Ucraina au fost revizuite formele și principiile de bază ale activității instituțiilor de învățământ inițiale în domeniul formării resurselor umane pentru misiunile externe ucrainene. Pe baza informațiilor de arhivă s-a putut stabili compoziția personalului didactic și profilul studenților. A fost cercetată contribuția personală a oamenilor de stat ucraineni din Republica Populară Ucraineană la formularea principiilor educației speciale a diplomaților.
Etichete: Serviciul Consular Ucrainean, educație diplomatică, cursuri consulare, Institutul Orientului Mijlociu
Keywords: Ukrainian Consular Service, diplomatic education, consular courses, the Middle Eastern Institute
The study analyzes the combined actions of some institutions of the Romanian communist state for the confiscation of the private archives of some notable Bessarabian unionists (especially Pantelimon Halippa and Ioan Pelivan). Interpreted by some as a saving action of the authorities and a consequence of offering material compensations, the thorough research of the documents from the C.N.S.A.S. and other public archives gave us much more nuanced conclusions. Because the communist state, out of obedience to the USSR, sought to silence the issue of Bessarabia, the Securitate (“party army”) carried out extensive operative actions, using various methods, to annihilate the activities of the “Bessarabian circle”, which campaigned for the restoration of the attention of the Romanian and international authorities of the former province’s affiliation with Romania. One of the most effective measures to this end was to persuade the Bessarabian unionists or their descendants to “hand over” the historical evidence they held to the State Archives (where they were mostly transferred to “special funds”), from the initiative, through and under the strict supervision of Securitate officers. Most elderly and in a precarious financial situation, following the cessation of their professional activity during communist detention (for the reason of being “espionage against the USSR” or “bourgeois politics”), the Securitate adopted various methods to annihilate the unionists Bessarabians: banning public events and supervising private meetings, promising to solve personal problems (pensions, providing housing etc.), pursuing unconspired information, engaging in collaboration etc. In this context, we also analyze Pantelimon Halippa’s “privileged relationship” with the Security, which brought important benefits to the political police and through which some of the initiatives of the Bessarabians in Romania were controlled.
Etichete: unioniști basarabeni, arhive private, memorializare, confiscare, fonduri speciale de arhivă, metode operative, anihilarea inițiativelor.
Keywords: Bessarabian unionists, private archives, memorialization, confiscation, special archive funds, operative methods, annihilation of initiatives
Considered the greatest Romanian criminalist of all time, through his perfect method, impeccable organization and precise definitions, Vintilă Dongoroz created a school beyond the criminal policy of a political regime. He was the main craftsman of the Criminal Codes from 1936 and 1968. We cannot deny, however, that Vintilă Dongoroz was the perfect doctrinaire of dictatorial criminal law, that his work is strictly related to the totalitarian regimes under which he was called to work and which , without any political ambitions or ambitions, he served them through his work. The school in Dongoroz does not leave much room for interpretation, and the independence of the judge regarding the judgment is practically null.
Taken from the Italian Criminal Code of 1930, the way to regulate rehabilitation was impossible if the convict had died while serving his sentence. Unlike in 1936, in the communist regime, post-mortem rehabilitation was necessary for relatives and especially for descendants because of the personnel file in which a convicted and unrehabilitated parent or other relative had a very difficult career.
The imprisoned doctrine could be repaired only in 1985 by Mihail C. Ardeleanu, a brave judge from the Suceava County Court. He made a decision against the law rehabilitating the father, who died during the execution of the sentence, of a young graduate of the Marine Institute “Mircea cel Batran” from Constanta, whose fact blocked his career advancement, although he had been head of promotion, because in the case of cadres appeared that his father is unrehabilitated.
The courageous sentence triggered a controversy in the Romanian Law Review, at the end of which the topic, as a legal argument, became the subject of the (final) capacity exam for judges.
Etichete: Cod penal, dosar de cadre, Vintilă Dongoroz, Mihail Ardeleanu, regim totalitar, sentință, reabilitare judecătorească.
Keywords: Criminal Code, personnel file, Vintilă Dongoroz, Mihail Ardeleanu, totalitarian regime, sentence, judicial rehabilitation
The problem of children used in top secret operations has seldom been the subject of historical research. The explanation may lie in the fact that the stakes of this issue have been much higher than that of the issue of ordinary denunciations, but we must also admit that, fortunately, the Kadar security structures have used a relatively small number of minor collaborators.
What escaped, however, both the political police workers and the historical studies written after the regime change, was the insincere and inappropriate use of terminology. If we consider the legal framework in force at that time, we must admit that citizens were considered minors until the age of Consequently, then, recruitment could only be illegal, and now, from the perspective of a moral judgment, the act committed against minors continues to be time-barred.
Etichete: recrutare, rețea informativă, minori, dictatură, supravegherea școlilor bisericești
Keywords: recruitment, information network, minors, dictatorship, surveillance of church schools
The special course of Romania has its origins in the destalinization phase of the Eastern bloc after 1956. While other communist parties dictated in their domestic politics a cautious detachment course and began to break away from Stalinism, Gheoghe Gheorghiu-Dej refused the destalinization and intensified his own internal political course. In 1958, Soviet troops left Romania, and in 1963 they were followed by KGB advisers from the Ministry of Interior. The positioning of Romania in an ideological conflict with the Soviet one culminated in April 1964, with an open declaration of the course of independence from the Soviet Union.
This essay follows the answer to the question: how did the East German Ministry of State Security (MSS; in German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) and the Soviet KGB react on the different route followed by Romania and what measures did they take to ensure the Soviet supremacy on Romania.
Etichete: stalinism, România, blocul comunist, dizidență, Securitate, KGB, Stasi, Mitrohin
Keywords: Stalinism, Romania, the communist bloc, dissent, Securitate, KGB, Stasi, Mitrokhin
In the archive of the former Securitate organs are kept the notes of the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior on how the works of the XIV Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (November 20-24, 1989) were reflected in the foreign media, especially those in the US and Western Europe.
The Special Unit “R” of the Department of State Security of the Ministry of Interior focused on the radio stations: “BBC”, “Free Europe”, “Voice of America”, “Radio France Internationale”, “Deutsche Welle”, the radio station in the language Hungarian “Kossuth”; news agencies: “France Presse”, Yugoslav Taniug Agency, Soviet Tass Agency, Spanish EFE Agency, Hungarian MTI Agency etc.
The information contained in the notes of the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department is important because the newspaper “Scânteia”, the press body of the PCR, did not publish the reports, comments from foreign media, in the attention of the Special Unit “R” from DSS, regarding the XIV Congress of the PCR in Bucharest nor the critical speeches of the foreign delegations during the congress, such as that of the French Communist Party which expressed criticism regarding the non-respect of human rights in Romania and even regarding to the conception of socialism towards the line followed by the Romanian Communist Party.
In the newspaper “Scânteia”, the press organ of the PCR, it is only shown that the mass media in the USA and Western Europe also reported on the works and debates of the 14th Congress of the PCR, without reporting and their content.
From the notes of the Special Unit “R” from the State Security Department we find out how thought abroad about Nicolae Ceausescu and the political regime in Bucharest, about the works of the XIV Congress of the Romanian Communist Party.
The documents from the archives of the Romanian Communist Party show us the opinion of Nicolae Ceausescu, the party and state leader of Romania, towards the events in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the way the last congress of the Romanian Communist Party was organized and held.
The conclusions that emerge from the documents from the archives of the Romanian Communist Party and from the notes prepared by the Special Unit “R” of the State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior, which focused on radio stations and foreign press agencies, especially those in the West , are: that this congress of the Romanian Communist Party was not going to produce changes in the communist system in Romania that would start a peaceful process of democratization as in the other Eastern European countries; that the Romanian head of state will resort to repression in order to stay in power, but also that Nicolae Ceausescu and his regime will not survive the political changes in Eastern Europe.
Etichete: Congresul al XIV-lea al PCR, Nicolae Ceauşescu, regimul comunist, Partidul Comunist Român, 1989.
Keywords: The XIV Congress of the PCR, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Communist regime, Romanian Communist Party, 1989
II. Reviews. Reading Notes